Abstract

This essay traces the evolution of the concept of space in mathematics from ancient Greece to modern times, examining the philosophical and cultural implications of this transformation. Beginning with Euclidean geometry as an absolute representation of physical reality, the authors explore how Cartesian coordinate systems introduced a subjective perspective that challenged the notion of absolute space. Through the example of point-line duality in Cartesian planes, they demonstrate how mathematical objects become pure conceptual constructs rather than representations of physical reality. The paper discusses the revolutionary impact of non-Euclidean geometries in the 19th century, which definitively separated mathematical space from physical space and established mathematics as an autonomous discipline. This shift raised fundamental questions about the relationship between mathematical knowledge and reality, the foundations of mathematical truth, and the "unreasonable effectiveness" of mathematics in describing the natural world. The authors present various philosophical reflections on these developments, examining the tensions between objective and subjective approaches to mathematical knowledge, the role of mathematics in scientific method, and the implications for understanding truth and reality. They argue that modern mathematics has become a powerful but purely conceptual tool, democratically valid in all its consistent formulations, yet divorced from claims to absolute truth about the physical world. The essay concludes by suggesting that future progress may require interdisciplinary dialogue and proposes that a Christian perspective might offer new categories for understanding truth as revealed through multiple complementary viewpoints rather than through a single absolute framework.